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Parallel Structure
Parallel structure is when you balance the grammatical structures of words, clauses, sentences, or phrases in your writing.
They are important for any kind of writing and speaking in order to maintain coherency. In this particular lesson we'll look at parallel words and phrases.
We make words or phrases parallel when we are writing things in a list or series, and each word must have the same grammatical form.
- For words: nouns are balanced with nouns, adjectives with adjectives, verbs with verbs, gerunds with gerunds, and so on.
- For phrases: prepositional phrases are balanced with prepositional phrases, infinitive phrases with infinitive phrases, and gerund phrases with gerund phrases.
The coordinating conjunction ‘and’ is usually used to connect the parallel items, but other coordinating conjunctions such as ‘or’ and ‘nor’ may be used.
Correlative conjunctions such as 'both/and', 'neither/nor' and 'whether/or' are also used as connectors.
Examples of Parallel Structure
Infinitives / Gerunds
- She wants to go to England and studying at the London School of Economics. (WRONG)
- She wants to go to England and study at the London School of Economics. (CORRECT)
The first sentence is wrong because the first item in the list, to go, is an infinitive, but the second item, studying, is a gerund. In order to correct it, studying has been changed to an infinitive.
Adverbs
- John ensured that he gave his two minute talk confidently, effectively and persuasive. (WRONG)
- John ensured that he gave his two minute talk confidently, effectively and persuasively. (CORRECT)
The first sentence is incorrect as the last item in the series, persuasive, is an adjective, whereas the first two items are adverbs. The second sentence has been corrected by changing persuasive to the adverb, persuasively.
Adjectives
- The room was comfortable, airy, and it was not dirty. (WRONG)
- The room was comfortable, airy, and clean. (CORRECT)
The first sentence is incorrect, since the first two items in the series, comfortable and airy, are adjectives, whereas the last item, it was not dirty, contains a verb. The second sentence has been corrected by changing it was not dirty to the adjective clean.
Infinitive Phrases
- I can't decide whether to take a bus or riding my bicyle to work. (WRONG)
- I can't decide whether to take a bus or (to) ride my bicyle to work. (CORRECT)
The first sentence is wrong because an infinitive and gerund phrase have been mixed together. The second is correct because they are both infinitive phrases.
Prepositional Phrases
- He climbed the rock, up the wall, and onto the roof. (WRONG)
- He climbed over the rock, up the wall, and onto the roof. (CORRECT)
The first sentence is not parallel since the first word, the rock, does not have a preposition, but the next two words in the list have. It can be corrected by placing the correct preposition, over, before climbed.
If you are more advanced, you may want to learn about some more complex parallel structures.
Quiz
Now practice what you have learned in this parallel structure quiz.
Parallel Structure Exercises
Click the show / hide link below to see a full text of the parallel structure exercise answers.
Answers
1. The scenery was spectacular, exciting, and looked beautiful - incorrect
The scenery was spectacular, exciting, and beautiful.
2. They studied quickly, quietly, and carefully - correct
3. To get the score you want in IELTS quickly you must both learn fast and work hard - correct
4. I like neither to wash up dishes nor mopping the floor - incorrect
I like neither to wash up dishes nor to mop the floor / I like neither washing up dishes nor mopping the floor
5. She walked out of the changing rooms, climbed onto the diving board, and into the swimming pool - incorrect
She walked out of the changing rooms, climbed onto the diving board, and jumped into the swimming pool
6. He cleaned under the sink and behind the cooker - correct
7. I'll return in June, July or in August - incorrect
I'll return in June, July or August
8. I usually spend my evenings watching TV and surfing the internet - correct
9. The manager did not like one of his employees because he always arrived late for work, made mistakes in his duties, completed projects carelessly, and his motivation was low - incorrect
The manager did not like one of his employees because he always arrived late for work, made mistakes in his duties, completed projects carelessly, and lacked motivation.
10. It was both a long meeting and very boring - incorrect
It was both a long meeting and a boring meeting / The meeting was both long and boring
11. You must either arrive on time or not come at all - correct
12. For him, success is defined not by wealth but by how happy you are - incorrect
For him, success is defined not by wealth but by happiness.
13. The salad was fresh, crisp, and tasted delicious - incorrect
The salad was fresh, crisp, and delicious
14. He was not sure whether to move to Australia or stay in Japan - correct
15. The quarter finals involves the English, the Spanish, French, and Germans - incorrect
The quarter finals involves the English, the Spanish, the French, and the Germans
Take another parallel structure quiz
More IELTS Grammar Lessons & Practice:
Sentence Clauses: Independent and Dependent Clauses
Learn what sentence clauses are and why they are important to know for IELTS as they are critical for writing complex sentences.
Sentence Structure: Simple, compound and complex sentences
Sentence Structure: It is essential that you understand simple, compound and complex sentences if you want to improve your grammar and get a high IELTS score. This lesson teaches about sentence structure and sentence building.
5 Key Grammar Rules for IELTS
Learn 5 key grammar rules for IELTS that will help to ensure you don't make avoidable errors in your writing and speaking.
How to Use Modal Verbs for IELTS
Modal Verbs are are important for IELTS writing for discussing solutions or to clarify certainty.
Passive Voice for IELTS Processes
Passive Voice is specifically needed for IELTS is if you get a process diagram in Academic IELTS Task 1. In this case you will use it throughout your explanation of the process. When we use the passive voice, the person or thing receiving the action becomes the subject.
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